The Relationship between Genetics and Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review

Kibibi Muthoni L.

Faculty of Science and Technology Kampala International University Uganda

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus is a complex and chronic metabolic disorder that affects millions globally. This review explores the intricate relationship between genetics and diabetes, focusing on the roles of genetic predisposition in various forms of diabetes, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and monogenic diabetes. Genetic factors significantly influence the onset and progression of diabetes, with both polygenic and monogenic forms contributing to the disease. For T1D, autoimmune processes triggered by genetic and environmental factors lead to insulin deficiency, while in T2D, a polygenic interaction of genetic susceptibility and lifestyle factors results in insulin resistance. Monogenic forms of diabetes, such as Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) and neonatal diabetes, are caused by mutations in single genes. This review also highlights the growing field of epigenetics, which examines how environmental factors can modify gene expression and impact diabetes risk. Gene-environment interactions, personalized medicine, and genetic testing are explored as critical components in improving diabetes management and prevention strategies. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, including the potential of gene therapy and epigenetic therapies in diabetes treatment.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Genetics, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Monogenic diabetes, Epigenetics.

CITE AS: Kibibi Muthoni L. (2024). The Relationship between Genetics and Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review. IAA Journal of Scientific Research 11(3):7-13. https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJSR/2024/113.713