DOWNLOAD PDF

Revolutionizing HIV Prevention in Africa: Landmark Innovations that Transformed the Fight

*Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2, Edward Odogbu Odo3, Matthew Chibunna Igwe4, Okechukwu Paul-Chima Ugwu5, Esther U. Alum5,6 and Puche Racheal Okwaja7

1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.

2School of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.

3School of General Studies (Physical and Health Education Unit) Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.

4Department of Public Health, Kampala International University, Uganda.

5Department of Publication and Extensions, Kampala International University, Uganda.

6Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

7Department of Public Administration and Development Studies, Kampala International University, Uganda.

*Corresponding author: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda. emmanuelobeagu@yahoo.com, obeagu.emmanuel@kiu.ac.ug 0000-0002-4538-0161

ABSTRACT

The African continent has grappled with the profound impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic for decades, necessitating an ongoing evolution in prevention strategies. This review examines the pivotal innovations that have reshaped the landscape of HIV prevention in Africa. Highlighting advancements in treatment, pioneering educational campaigns, and community-focused interventions, this article explores the transformative initiatives that have redefined the fight against HIV/AIDS. Despite significant progress, challenges persist, including socio-economic disparities and evolving healthcare landscapes. This review aims to provide insights into the journey of HIV prevention in Africa, emphasizing the critical role of innovation and adaptation in sustaining and advancing progress towards a future free from the burden of HIV/AIDS.

Keywords: HIV prevention, Africa, innovations, landmark, strategies, healthcare, epidemic, public health, treatment, education

INTRODUCTION

HIV/AIDS remains a global health challenge, particularly poignant in the context of Africa, where a substantial portion of the world’s HIV-positive population resides. The continent has encountered multifaceted hurdles in combating the epidemic, necessitating innovative strategies and landmark initiatives to reshape the trajectory of HIV prevention efforts. Over the past decades, significant advancements have emerged, transforming the landscape of HIV prevention in Africa [1-7]. This paper delves into the pivotal role of groundbreaking innovations that have revolutionized HIV prevention strategies across the African continent. From advancements in treatment modalities to innovative educational campaigns and community-centered interventions, these innovations have not only altered the course of the epidemic but have also reshaped the approaches to public health interventions. Advancements in treatment, particularly the widespread accessibility and utilization of antiretroviral therapy (ART), have contributed immensely to curbing HIV transmission rates. Moreover, the introduction and adoption of preventive measures like Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) have provided a proactive approach to reducing the risk of HIV acquisition, especially among high-risk populations [8-17]. Harnessing multimedia tools, community engagement, and peer-to-peer education, these campaigns have played a crucial role in raising awareness and promoting safer practices. Furthermore, community-centered interventions, emphasizing comprehensive healthcare services and community empowerment, have showcased promising outcomes. These initiatives, incorporating HIV testing, counseling, and linkage to care within community settings, have bridged gaps in healthcare access and strengthened preventive measures [18]. While substantial progress has been made, challenges persist. Socioeconomic factors, cultural disparities, and uneven access to healthcare continue to pose barriers to comprehensive HIV prevention efforts. Addressing these challenges and adapting strategies to evolving contexts remain imperative to sustain progress and ensure equitable healthcare for all populations at risk [19-29]. This paper aims to provide an in-depth exploration and critical analysis of the transformative innovations that have shaped the landscape of HIV prevention in Africa. It seeks to illuminate the pivotal role of these innovations in the ongoing fight against HIV/AIDS while acknowledging the persistent challenges and the evolving landscape of healthcare, paving the way for a more resilient, adaptive, and inclusive approach to HIV prevention on the African continent.

CONCLUSION

The landscape of HIV prevention in Africa has undergone a transformative evolution, marked by landmark innovations and concerted efforts to reshape the trajectory of the epidemic. This review has explored the pivotal advancements in treatment, innovative educational campaigns, community-centered interventions, persistent challenges, and future directions in the fight against HIV/AIDS on the continent. Advancements in treatment, notably the widespread accessibility and early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), have not only improved health outcomes for individuals living with HIV but have also played a crucial role in reducing transmission rates. The introduction of preventive measures like Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) has offered a proactive approach, heralding a new era in HIV prevention among high-risk populations. Innovative educational campaigns have been instrumental in disseminating information, eradicating stigma, and fostering behavioral changes. Utilizing multimedia, community engagement, and culturally tailored approaches, these campaigns have effectively reached diverse populations, empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health. Community-centered interventions, leveraging comprehensive healthcare services, engagement of key stakeholders, peer support networks, and capacity-building initiatives, have bridged gaps in healthcare access and empowered communities to take charge of their health. However, persisting challenges such as socioeconomic disparities, stigma, healthcare infrastructure limitations, and emerging pandemics like COVID-19 necessitate adaptive and collaborative strategies. Looking ahead, sustaining funding commitments, fostering partnerships, embracing innovation, and ensuring inclusivity in healthcare delivery will be imperative in the continued fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa. Embracing a holistic approach that addresses social determinants of health, promotes resilience, and adapts to evolving challenges will pave the way for a future free from the burden of HIV/AIDS. The journey to revolutionize HIV prevention in Africa has seen remarkable innovations and progress, but the pursuit of an AIDS-free generation requires ongoing commitment, innovation, and collective action to overcome persistent challenges and ensure a healthier future for all.

REFERENCES

  1. Gona PN, Gona CM, Ballout S, Rao SR, Kimokoti R, Mapoma CC, Mokdad AH. Burden and changes in HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality in Southern Africa Development Community Countries, 1990–2017. BMC public health. 2020; 20:1-4.
  2. Obeagu EI, Okwuanaso CB, Edoho SH, Obeagu GU. Under-nutrition among HIV-exposed Uninfected Children: A Review of African Perspective. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences ISSN: 2814-3035. 2022;2(3):120-7.
  3. Obeagu EI, Alum EU, Obeagu GU. Factors associated with prevalence of HIV among youths: A review of Africa perspective. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences ISSN:. 2023;3(1):13-8. https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/93.
  4. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges and Coping Strategies Faced by HIV/AIDS Discordant Couples. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2023 ;3(1):7-12. https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/91.
  5. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. An update on premalignant cervical lesions and cervical cancer screening services among HIV positive women. J Pub Health Nutri. 2023; 6 (2). 2023;141:1-2. links/63e538ed64252375639dd0df/An-update-on-premalignant-cervical-lesions-and-cervical-cancer-screening-services-among-HIV-positive-women.pdf.
  6. Ezeoru VC, Enweani IB, Ochiabuto O, Nwachukwu AC, Ogbonna US, Obeagu EI. Prevalence of Malaria with Anaemia and HIV status in women of reproductive age in Onitsha, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(4):10-9.
  7. Omo-Emmanuel UK, Chinedum OK, Obeagu EI. Evaluation of laboratory logistics management information system in HIV/AIDS comprehensive health facilities in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Int J Curr Res Med Sci. 2017;3(1): 21-38.DOI:22192/ijcrms.2017.03.01.004
  8. Montaner JS, Lima VD, Harrigan PR, Lourenço L, Yip B, Nosyk B, Wood E, Kerr T, Shannon K, Moore D, Hogg RS. Expansion of HAART coverage is associated with sustained decreases in HIV/AIDS morbidity, mortality and HIV transmission: the “HIV Treatment as Prevention” experience in a Canadian setting. PloS one. 2014;9(2): e87872.
  9. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Musiimenta E, Bot YS, Hassan AO. Factors contributing to low utilization of HIV counseling and testing services. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023;9(2): 1-5.DOI:22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.001
  10. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. An update on survival of people living with HIV in Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. 2022; 5 (6). 2022;129. links/645b4bfcf3512f1cc5885784/An-update-on-survival-of-people-living-with-HIV-in-Nigeria.pdf.
  11. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh DN. Facilitators and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV infected MSM attending Community Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(52B):10-9.
  12. Obeagu EI, Ogbonna US, Nwachukwu AC, Ochiabuto O, Enweani IB, Ezeoru VC. Prevalence of Malaria with Anaemia and HIV status in women of reproductive age in Onitsha, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(4):10-9.
  13. Odo M, Ochei KC, Obeagu EI, Barinaadaa A, Eteng UE, Ikpeme M, Bassey JO, Paul AO. TB Infection Control in TB/HIV Settings in Cross River State, Nigeria: Policy Vs Practice. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2020;32(22):101-9.
  14. Obeagu EI, Eze VU, Alaeboh EA, Ochei KC. Determination of haematocrit level and iron profile study among persons living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. J BioInnovation. 2016;5:464-71. links/592bb4990f7e9b9979a975cf/DETERMINATION-OF-HAEMATOCRIT-LEVEL-AND-IRON-PROFILE-STUDY-AMONG-PERSONS-LIVING-WITH-HIV-IN-UMUAHIA-ABIA-STATE-NIGERIA.pdf.
  15. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The values of prothrombin time among HIV positive patients in FMC owerri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2015;4(4):911-6. https://www.academia.edu/download/38320140/Obeagu_Emmanuel_Ifeanyi_and_Obeagu__Getrude_Uzoma2.EMMA1.pdf.
  16. Izuchukwu IF, Ozims SJ, Agu GC, Obeagu EI, Onu I, Amah H, Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Edward A, Arunsi MO. Knowledge of preventive measures and management of HIV/AIDS victims among parents in Umuna Orlu community of Imo state Nigeria. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2016;3(10): 55-65.DOI;22192/ijarbs.2016.03.10.009
  17. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong OE, Odunze U. HIV and TB co-infection among patients who used Directly Observed Treatment Short-course centres in Yenagoa, Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-5. links/5988ab6d0f7e9b6c8539f73d/HIV-and-TB-co-infection-among-patients-who-used-Directly-Observed-Treatment-Short-course-centres-in-Yenagoa-Nigeria.pdf
  18. Bardosh K. Global aspirations, local realities: the role of social science research in controlling neglected tropical diseases. Infectious diseases of poverty. 2014; 3:1-5.
  19. Robinson R, Moodie-Mills A. HIV/AIDS inequality: Structural barriers to prevention, treatment, and care in communities of color. Center for American Progress. 2012.
  20. Oloro OH, Oke TO, Obeagu EI. Evaluation of Coagulation Profile Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences ISSN: 2814-3035. 2022;2(3):110-9.
  21. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, Amadike JN, Elendu HN, Ofoedeme CN, Ozims SJ, Nwankpa P. Change in Lipid Peroxidation Marker (MDA) and Non enzymatic Antioxidants (VIT C & E) in HIV Seropositive Children in an Urban Community of Abia State. Nigeria. J. Bio. Innov. 2016;5(1):24-30. links/5ae735e9a6fdcc5b33eb8d6a/CHANGE-IN-LIPID-PEROXIDATION-MARKER-MDAAND-NON-ENZYMATIC-ANTIOXIDANTS-VIT-C-E-IN-HIV-SEROPOSITIVE-CHILDREN-IN-AN-URBAN-COMMUNITY-OF-ABIA-STATE-NIGERIA.pdf.
  22. Igwe CM, Obeagu IE, Ogbuabor OA. Clinical characteristics of people living with HIV/AIDS on ART in 2014 at tertiary health institutions in Enugu, Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. 2022; 5 (6). 2022;130. links/645a166f5762c95ac3817d32/Clinical-characteristics-of-people-living-with-HIV-AIDS-on-ART-in-2014-at-tertiary-health-institutions-in-Enugu.pdf.
  23. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU, Ijeoma FO, Chioma UI. The values of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) among HIV positive patients in FMC Owerri. Int J Curr Res Aca Rev. 2015;3:139-44. https://www.academia.edu/download/38320159/Obeagu_Emmanuel_Ifeanyi3__et_al.IJCRAR.pdf.
  24. Obiomah CF, Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Swem CA, Amachukwu BO. Hematological indices o HIV seropositive subjects in Nnamdi Azikiwe University teaching hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi. Ann Clin Lab Res. 2018;6(1):1-4. links/5aa2bb17a6fdccd544b7526e/Haematological-Indices-of-HIV-Seropositive-Subjects-at-Nnamdi-Azikiwe.pdf
  25. Omo-Emmanuel UK, Ochei KC, Osuala EO, Obeagu EI, Onwuasoanya UF. Impact of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV on positivity rate in Kafanchan, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2017;3(2): 28-34.DOI:22192/ijcrms.2017.03.02.005
  26. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A, Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming rise in HIV cases in Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations at hand. Health Science Reports. 2023 Aug;6(8):e1450.
  27. Obeagu EI, Amekpor F, Scott GY. An update of human immunodeficiency virus infection: Bleeding disorders. J Pub Health Nutri. 2023; 6 (1). 2023;139. links/645b4a6c2edb8e5f094d9bd9/An-update-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-Bleeding.pdf.
  28. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Ofodile AC, Edoho SH, Ahamefula C. Prevention of New Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pragmatic Approaches of Saving Life in Developing Countries. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):128-34. https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/86.
  29. Walter O, Anaebo QB, Obeagu EI, Okoroiwu IL. Evaluation of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Prothrombin Time in HIV and TB Patients in Owerri Metropolis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2022:29-34.
  30. Atun R, Bataringaya J. Building a durable response to HIV/AIDS: implications for health systems. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2011;57: S91-5.
  31. Odo M, Ochei KC, Obeagu EI, Barinaadaa A, Eteng EU, Ikpeme M, Bassey JO, Paul AO. Cascade variabilities in TB case finding among people living with HIV and the use of IPT: assessment in three levels of care in cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2020;32(24):9-18.
  32. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus based on demographic and risk factors among pregnant women attending clinics in Zaria Metropolis, Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. 2022; 5 (8). 2022;137. links/6317a6b1acd814437f0ad268/Seroprevalence-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-based-on-demographic-and-risk-factors-among-pregnant-women-attending-clinics-in-Zaria-Metropolis-Nigeria.pdf.
  33. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. A Review of knowledge, attitudes and socio-demographic factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV/AIDS. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):135-42.DOI:22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.015 links/6516faa61e2386049de5e828/A-Review-of-knowledge-attitudes-and-socio-demographic-factors-associated-with-non-adherence-to-antiretroviral-therapy-among-people-living-with-HIV-AIDS.pdf
  34. Obeagu EI, Onuoha EC. Tuberculosis among HIV Patients: A review of Prevalence and Associated Factors. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):128-34.DOI:22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.014 links/6516f938b0df2f20a2f8b0e0/Tuberculosis-among-HIV-Patients-A-review-of-Prevalence-and-Associated-Factors.pdf.
  35. Obeagu EI, Ibeh NC, Nwobodo HA, Ochei KC, Iwegbulam CP. Haematological indices of malaria patients coinfected with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2017;3(5):100-4.DOI:22192/ijcrms.2017.03.05.014 https://www.academia.edu/download/54317126/Haematological_indices_of_malaria_patients_coinfected_with_HIV.pdf
  36. Bunn C, Kalinga C, Mtema O, Abdulla S, Dillip A, Lwanda J, Mtenga SM, Sharp J, Strachan Z, Gray CM. Arts-based approaches to promoting health in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5(5).
  37. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI, Abdullahi IO, Jakheng EW, Chukwueze CM, Eze GC, Essien UC, Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Vidya S, Kumar S. Distribution Rate of Chlamydial Infection According to Demographic Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Clinics in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology. 2022;13(2):26-31.
  38. Viola N, Kimono E, Nuruh N, Obeagu EI. Factors Hindering Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Service Uptake among HIV Positive Women at Comboni Hospital Kyamuhunga Bushenyi District. Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2023;3(2):7-14. http://ajdhs.com/index.php/journal/article/view/39.
  39. Okorie HM, Obeagu Emmanuel I, Okpoli Henry CH, Chukwu Stella N. Comparative study of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) and rapid test screening methods on HIV, Hbsag, Hcv and Syphilis among voluntary donors in. Owerri, Nigeria. J Clin Commun Med. 2020;2(3):180-83.DOI: DOI: 32474/JCCM.2020.02.000137 links/5f344530458515b7291bd95f/Comparative-Study-of-Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay-ElISA-and-Rapid-Test-Screening-Methods-on-HIV-HBsAg-HCV-and-Syphilis-among-Voluntary-Donors-in-Owerri-Nigeria.pdf.
  40. Ezugwu UM, Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe NR, Ahaneku JE, Onah CE, Obeagu EI, Emeje PI, Awalu JC, Igbokwe GE. Use of ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP as an Index of Energy Utilization and Storage in HIV Infected Individuals at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal, Prospective, Case-Controlled Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(47A):78-84.
  41. Emannuel G, Martin O, Peter OS, Obeagu EI, Daniel K. Factors Influencing Early Neonatal Adverse Outcomes among Women with HIV with Post Dated Pregnancies Delivering at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda. Asian Journal of Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023;6(1):203-11. http://research.sdpublishers.net/id/eprint/2819/.
  42. Tymejczyk O, Brazier E, Yiannoutsos C, Wools-Kaloustian K, Althoff K, Crabtree-Ramírez B, Van Nguyen K, Zaniewski E, Dabis F, Sinayobye JD, Anderegg N. HIV treatment eligibility expansion and timely antiretroviral treatment initiation following enrollment in HIV care: a metaregression analysis of programmatic data from 22 countries. PLoS medicine. 2018 Mar 23;15(3): e1002534.
  43. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO, Eze GC, Ikpenwa JN, Eze-Steven PE. Socio-Demographic Variables of People Living with HIV/AIDS Initiated on ART in 2014 at Tertiary Health Institution in Enugu State. Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases. 2022;10(4):1-7.
  44. Vincent CC, Obeagu EI, Agu IS, Ukeagu NC, Onyekachi-Chigbu AC. Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(57A):360-8.
  45. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO. ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AND PREDICTORS OF ADHERENCE TO HEALTHCARE OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN ENUGU STATE. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):42-57. https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/75.
  46. Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Obeagu EI. Inequality of monitoring in Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Tuberculosis and Malaria: A Review. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):6-15. https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/69
  47. Echendu GE, Vincent CC, Ibebuike J, Asodike M, Naze N, Chinedu EP, Ohale B, Obeagu EI. WEIGHTS OF INFANTS BORN TO HIV INFECTED MOTHERS: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, OWERRI, IMO STATE. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2023; 10(8): 564-568
  48. Zablotska IB, O’Connor CC. Preexposure prophylaxis of HIV infection: The role of clinical practices in ending the HIV epidemic. Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 2017; 14:201-10.
  49. Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Okolie NJ, Ikeh K, Ajero CM, Dike J, Ojiegbe GC, Oze GO, Obeagu EI, Nnatunanya I, Azuonwu O. BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN ADULT HIV PATIENTS ON ANTIRETRQVIRAL THERAPY. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 4(3): 153-160. links/5a4fd0500f7e9bbc10526b38/BIOCHEMICAL-ALTERATIONS-IN-ADULT-HIV-PATIENTS-ON-ANTIRETRQVIRAL-THERAPY.pdf.
  50. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Effect of CD4 Counts on Coagulation Parameters among HIV Positive Patients in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 2015;2(4):45-9.
  51. Obeagu EI, Nwosu DC. Adverse drug reactions in HIV/AIDS patients on highly active antiretro viral therapy: a review of prevalence. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2019;6(12):45-8.DOI:22192/ijcrcps.2019.06.12.004 links/650aba1582f01628f0335795/Adverse-drug-reactions-in-HIV-AIDS-patients-on-highly-active-antiretro-viral-therapy-a-review-of-prevalence.pdf.
  52. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Obeagu GU. Implications of CD4/CD8 ratios in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infections. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023;9(2):6-13.DOI:22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.002 links/645a4a462edb8e5f094ad37c/Implications-of-CD4-CD8-ratios-in-Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-infections.pdf.
  53. Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Okeke EI, Anode AC. Assessment of the level of haemoglobin and erythropoietin in persons living with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2016;2(4):29-33. links/5711c47508aeebe07c02496b/Assessment-of-the-level-of-haemoglobin-and-erythropoietin-in-persons-living-with-HIV-in-Umuahia.pdf.
  54. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The Values of CD4 Count, among HIV Positive Patients in FMC Owerri. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015;4(4):906-10. https://www.academia.edu/download/38320134/Obeagu_Emmanuel_Ifeanyi_and_Obeagu__Getrude_Uzoma.EMMA2.pdf.
  55. Obeagu EI, Okeke EI, Anonde Andrew C. Evaluation of haemoglobin and iron profile study among persons living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. 2016;1(2):1-5.
  56. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Okon MB. Curtailing HIV/AIDS Spread: Impact of Religious Leaders. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):28-31.
  57. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Paul-Chima UO. Stigma Associated With HIV. AIDS: A Review. Newport International Journal of Public Health and Pharmacy (Nijpp). 2023;3(2):64-7.
  58. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OP, Aja PM, Okon MB. HIV Infection and Cardiovascular diseases: The obnoxious Duos. Newport International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):95-9.
  59. Ibebuike JE, Nwokike GI, Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI. A Retrospective Study on Human Immune Deficiency Virus among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Imo State University Teaching Hospital. International Journal of Medical Science and Dental Research, 2018; 1 (2):08-14. https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf.
  60. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Omeh YN, Okoro NK, Eze OB. Assessment of some haematological and biochemical parametrs in HIV patients before receiving treatment in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Res J Pharma Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5:825-30.
  61. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor BN, Anaebo QB, Eze GC. Pattern of total white blood cell and differential count values in HIV positive patients receiving treatment in Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Science, Biotechnology and Pharama Research. 2014; 391:186-9.
  62. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges and Coping Strategies Faced by HIV/AIDS Discordant Couples. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences ISSN: 2814-3035. 2023; 3 (1): 7-12.
  63. Oloro OH, Obeagu EI. A Systematic Review on Some Coagulation Profile in HIV Infection. International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2022;10(5):1-1.
  64. Dionisio D, Esperti F, Messeri D, Vivarelli A. Priority strategies for sustainable fight against HIV/AIDS in low-income countries. Current HIV Research. 2004;2(4):377-93.
  65. Singhal A, Wang H, Rogers EM, Rice RE, Atkin CK. The rising tide of entertainment-education in communication campaigns. Public communication campaigns. 2013; 4:321-33.
  66. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwuocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, Amadike JN, Ezemma MC, Okpomeshine EA, Ozims SJ, Agu GC. Alterations in superoxide dismutiase, vitamins C and E in HIV infected children in Umuahia, Abia state. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015;2(11):268-71.
  67. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES (NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-9.
  68. Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Stella EI, Chinedum OK, Abum SC. Vitamin D and insulin resistance in HIV sero positive individuals in Umudike. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2018;4(2):104-8.
  69. Ifeanyi OE, Leticia OI, Nwosu D, Chinedum OK. A Review on blood borne viral infections: universal precautions. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2018;5(6):60-6.
  70. Green TL. Community-based equity audits: A practical approach for educational leaders to support equitable community-school improvements. Educational Administration Quarterly. 2017;53(1):3-9.
  71. Nwovu AI, Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Nwebonyi NS. Occurrence of Some Blood Borne Viral Infection and Adherence to Universal Precautions among Laboratory Staff in Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Arch Blood Transfus Disord. 2018;1(2).
  72. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong OE, Odunze U. HIV and TB co-infection among patients who used Directly Observed Treatment Short-course centres in Yenagoa, Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-5.
  73. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh DN. Facilitators and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV infected MSM attending Community Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2021;33(52B):10-9.
  74. Pettifor A, Bekker LG, Hosek S, DiClemente R, Rosenberg M, Bull SS, Allison S, Delany-Moretlwe S, Kapogiannis BG, Cowan F. Preventing HIV among young people: research priorities for the future. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2013;63: S155-60.
  75. Monjok E, Smesny A, Essien EJ. HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in Nigeria: review of research studies and future directions for prevention strategies. African journal of reproductive health. 2009;13(3):21-35.
  76. Cordova D, Coleman-Minahan K, Romo T, Borrayo EA, Bull S. The Role of Social Capital, Sex Communication, and Sex Refusal Self-Efficacy in Sexual Risk Behaviors and HIV Testing among a Diverse Sample of Youth. Adolescents. 2022;2(1):30-42.
  77. El Arifeen S, Christou A, Reichenbach L, Osman FA, Azad K, Islam KS, Ahmed F, Perry HB, Peters DH. Community-based approaches and partnerships: innovations in health-service delivery in Bangladesh. The Lancet. 2013;382(9909):2012-26.
  78. Embuldeniya G, Veinot P, Bell E, Bell M, Nyhof-Young J, Sale JE, Britten N. The experience and impact of chronic disease peer support interventions: a qualitative synthesis. Patient education and counseling. 2013;92(1):3-12.
  79. Erzurumlu SS, Erzurumlu YO. Sustainable mining development with community using design thinking and multi-criteria decision analysis. Resources Policy. 2015; 46:6-14.
  80. Govender K, Masebo WG, Nyamaruze P, Cowden RG, Schunter BT, Bains A. HIV prevention in adolescents and young people in the Eastern and Southern African region: A review of key challenges impeding actions for an effective response. The Open AIDS Journal. 2018; 12:53.
  81. Gwadz M, Leonard NR, Honig S, Freeman R, Kutnick A, Ritchie AS. Doing battle with “the monster”: How high-risk heterosexuals experience and successfully manage HIV stigma as a barrier to HIV testing. International journal for equity in health. 2018; 17:1-8.
  82. Rabkin M, de Pinho H, Michaels-Strasser S, Naitore D, Rawat A, Topp SM. Strengthening the health workforce to support integration of HIV and noncommunicable disease services in sub-Saharan Africa. Aids. 2018;32: S47-54.
  83. Waterfield KC, Shah GH, Etheredge GD, Ikhile O. Consequences of COVID-19 crisis for persons with HIV: the impact of social determinants of health. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21:1-7.

CITE AS: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu, Edward Odogbu Odo, Matthew Chibunna Igwe, Okechukwu Paul-Chima Ugwu, Esther U. Alum and Puche Racheal Okwaja (2024). Revolutionizing HIV Prevention in Africa: Landmark Innovations that Transformed the Fight. IAA Journal of Applied Sciences11(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJAS/2024/1.3.5288                                                                 

DOWNLOAD PDF