Determinants Impacting the Use of Family Planning Services in Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital, Kabarole District, Western Uganda
Emmanuel Kirule Ssegawa
Department of Medicine and Surgery, Kampala International University, Uganda
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to explore the factors influencing the utilization of family planning services among women of reproductive age at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Kabarole, Uganda. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based design and a simple random sampling technique, 174 women in the reproductive age group were included in the study. Self-administered questionnaires were utilized for data collection, which was then coded, entered, and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. The results were presented in frequency and percentage charts and tables, accompanied by P-values, odds ratios, and their respective confidence intervals where relevant. The findings revealed that 44.91% of participants at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Western Uganda used contraceptives. Among them, 66.7% discussed contraceptives with their partners, while 51.1% opted for a specific contraceptive method during their last sexual encounter prior to the study. Interestingly, 35.1% considered condoms to be the most effective form of contraception, followed by implanon and oral pills at 14.9% and 14.4%, respectively. Safe days/withdrawal and injectable contraceptives were perceived as the least effective at 10.9% each. Accessibility and availability were cited as primary reasons for contraceptive choice by 21.8% of respondents, followed by safety with fewer side effects (16.1%), ease of use (6.3%), and affordability (5.2%). Household size, with the majority having 1-5 members (36.8%), and the number of children under five in the family (45.4% with 1-5 children) were notable demographic factors influencing family planning choices. However, the study highlighted a low level of family planning utilization (44.9%) among women at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital, predominantly favoring male condoms (40.7%). This utilization was significantly affected by socio-demographic factors such as marital status, place of residence, occupation, and income levels. Furthermore, the type, duration, frequency, availability, accessibility, affordability, and perceived side effects or effectiveness of contraceptives significantly influenced the likelihood of family planning utilization.
Keywords: associated factors, utilisation, family planning, women
INTRODUCTION
The planned use of contraceptives by couples or individuals is called Family planning, which involves making decision to have the required number of children at the appropriate time through utilization of contraceptive methods for the purpose of delaying, spacing or limiting child birth [1]. Contraceptives are birth control methods including medicines, devices and/or any method intended to prevent pregnancy [1]. They are classified as modern or traditional methods. Modern methods include; female condoms, oral contraceptive pills, emergency contraceptive pills, injectable contraceptives, implants intrauterine device (IUD), female sterilization (Tubal ligation). On the other hand, traditional methods include; Safe Days Method, Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), rhythm and withdrawal [2].
Globally, the choice of contraceptives has continually become mixed up with all methods being utilized for births control, where the success of mixture in choices was realized, unwanted pregnancies were reduced by 87.3% mainly in Europe and north Asian countries although challenges in the uniform choices remain in Africa, South America and south Asia [3, 4, 5].
In Africa, studies have shown that a larger percentage (86%) of women are in favour of family planning although the choice of contraceptive method remains a major challenge [6]. However, methods that women use differ marginally with some methods having been embraced on large scale while others still being utilized by a handful.
In Sub Saharan Africa studies have shown variation in choices women use regarding contraceptive uses [7] and [8] carried out research study on planned pregnancies, factors that was attributed to missed opportunities due to limited choices in contraceptive methods used by communities while regarding other methods.
In East Africa, studies in Kenya and Tanzania have shown that contraceptive choices among women of reproductive age remain in favor of natural ,means like abstinence and lactational Amenorrhoea method 67%, short term contraceptives like pills and injectable at 32.5% of the women ,while long term family coastal tribes in Kenya , the study found that tribes of mothers ,cultural views and perception ,age of the mothers played a bigger role in determining the choice of contraceptive method which was used [9].
In Uganda, non-uniform distribution of contraceptives exists greatly, while condoms, one month’s cycle pills and emergency pills, injectable contraceptives are highly preferred by women from both government and private facilities [10]. Some methods were reported to have hit a deadlock in their acceptability and preference by most Ugandan women according to [11] that Intrauterine devices, tubal ligation, female condoms, male sterilization, diaphragms with spermicides among others are used by less than 10% of Ugandan women. The factors that influenced women’s’ choice was accessibility, easy to administer, better to hideout, less women empowerment to decide alone on long-acting contraceptive [12].
However, there exists no comprehensive documentation at the Study site on especially the Community factors affecting Family planning at FPRRH, Kabarole District. With these dynamics in utilization of Family planning services in Uganda, there is limited data on the factors influencing the choice of contraceptives by the women.
Study design
The study was a descriptive study and applying both qualitative and quantitative methods [13].
Study area
The study was conducted at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Fort Portal City, Kabarole District.
Study population
The study included all women in reproductive age who accessed services at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital.
Sampling procedure
The participants were selected using simple random techniques using a designed questionnaire after explaining the purpose of study to them at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital.
Only women and men of child bearing age attending to services at the hospital were interviewed.
Sample size determination:
A study sample size was obtained using Fitcher’s et al (1990) formula i.e.
n = Z2pq/ r2
This formula is valid for a population ≥ 10000.
Where;
n = desired sample size
Z = standard normal deviation taken as 1.96 at confidence interval of 95%.
p = proportion of the target population estimated to have similar characteristics; according to Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital, the preference= 13%.
Thus,
p = 0.13.
q = proportion of target population without a desired characteristic (q = 1 – p = 0.87).
r = degree of accuracy (0.05).
n = (1.962 x 0.13 x 0.87) / (0.052) = 174 respondents
Therefore,
n = 174 respondents were sampled.
Data was collected using interviewer’s schedule. This was preferred because of dealing with all literate and illiterate respondents. This method was used because it facilitates respondent’s encouragement and ensured maximum confidentiality.
Data collection
Qualitative data was collected from January, 20th to March, 2021 from men and women of child bearing age (15-45) years attending to services at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital. The researcher requested assistance from other health workers after training them to help in collecting data. Interviewer’s scheduled administered questionnaires was used.
Data presentation analysis
After coding, the collected data was represented in form of tables, graphs and pie charts to aid easy analysis.
Permission was sought from the school administration KIU-WC who that was provided to me with an introductory letter on submission and approval of this research report. The introductory letter was presented to the medical superintendent of Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital who introduced me to the staff working in family planning and postnatal units. The researcher will also seek consent from respondents after a brief introduction. Respondents was aware of their right to participate or withdraw from exercise anytime [14].
Table 1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of the study participants
| Variables | Frequency (N) | Percentage (%) |
| Age | ||
| 14-19 | 34 | 19.5 |
| 20-30 | 133 | 76.4 |
| 31-45 | 7 | 4 |
| Tribe | ||
| Mutoro | 49 | 28.2 |
| Muganda | 36 | 20.7 |
| Mukiga | 17 | 9.8 |
| Munyankore | 19 | 10.9 |
| Others | 50 | 28.7 |
| Religion of the respondent. | ||
| Advents | 14 | 8.0 |
| Saved | 39 | 22.4 |
| Catholic | 54 | 31.0 |
| Protestant | 48 | 27.6 |
| Others | 19 | 10.9 |
| Marital Status | ||
| Single | 97 | 55.7 |
| Married/ cohabiting/ in relationship | 68 | 39.1 |
| Separated/ divorced | 6 | 3.4 |
| Education level of the respondent | ||
| Primary | 13 | 7.5 |
| Secondary | 12 | 6.9 |
| Tertiary | 146 | 83.9 |
| Occupation | ||
| House wife | 7 | 4.0 |
| Peasant farmer | 9 | 5.2 |
| Business | 13 | 7.5 |
| Student | 108 | 62.1 |
| Employed | 14 | 8.0 |
| Level of Income ( per day) of the family | ||
| Less Than 4,000 ug. shs (1 USD) | 58 | 33.3 |
| Between 4,000 – 20,000 ug. shs (1 to 5 USD) | 38 | 21.8 |
| More Than 20,000 ug. shs (5 USD) | 35 | 20.1 |
| Place of Residence | ||
| Urban | 84 | 48.3 |
| Rural | 76 | 43.7 |
According to the results of this study; majority 122(70.1%) were aged 20-30 years, 31(17.8%) between 14-19 years, 31-45 years were 6(3.4%). these were majorly Batooro [49(28.9%)], Baganda [36(20.7%)], Banyankore and Bakiga were 10.0% and 9.8% respectively among other tribe that contributed 50(28. 7%) of the study participants. By religion; majority 54 (31%) were Catholics followed by 48(27. 6%) Protestants, 39(22.4%) born again Christians, 14(8%) Adventists among others 10.9% religions. Socioeconomically, 84(48. 3%) reside in urban areas whereas the 76(43.7%) were rural dwellers; earning majorly 58(33. 3%) Less Than 4,000 ug. shs (1 USD); 38(21.8%) Between 4,000 – 20,000 ug. shs (1 to 5 USD) and 35(20.1%) earn More Than 20,000 ug. shs (5 USD). Majority of the participants were 97(55.7%) single, 68(39.1%) Married/ cohabiting/ in relationship and 6 (3. 4%) Separated/ divorced at an education level of majority 146(83. 9%). Tertiary, 12 (6.9%) secondary and 13 (7.5%) primary level and occupied mainly with 108(62.1%) studies, 14(8%) employed, 13(7.5%) business, 9(5.2%) peasant farmers, and lastly 7(4%) house wives.
Figure 1: Level of utilization of family Planning Services at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Western Uganda
According to these study findings, the proportion of people who use contraceptives is 44.91% of the participants at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Western Uganda.
The client related factors affecting Utilization of family planning Services at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Western Uganda.
Figure 2: Discussion about the Contraceptives with the partners
According to these study findings, majority of those participants who have partners 116 (66. 7%) discuss about contraceptives with their partners. And the minority (27. 3%) do not.
Table 2 client related factors affecting Utilization of family planning Services at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Western Uganda
| Variables | Frequency (N) | Percentage (%) | P-Value | Odds Ratios | 95% C. I |
| Used a contraceptive method during the last sexual contact | |||||
| Yes | 89 | 51.1 | <0. 001* | 19.783 | 6.917-56.577 |
| No | 43 | 24.7 | Ref | 1 | 1 |
| What contraceptive method did you use in the last sexual contact? | |||||
| Condom | 49 | 28.2 | 0.806 | 0.833 | 0.194-3.579 |
| Oral pills | 24 | 13.8 | 0.024* | 10.724 | 1.360-84.558 |
| Injectables | 15 | 8.6 | 0.212 | 4.667 | 0.416-52.340 |
| Implanon | 8 | 4.6 | 0.001* | 2.83.7E+7 | 2.83.7E+7-2.83.7E+7 |
| Safe days/withdrawal | 29 | 16.7 | Ref | 1 | 1 |
| Does your sexual partner influence your choice of contraceptive? | |||||
| Yes | 83 | 47.7 | 0. 029* | 2. 168 | 1. 075-4. 372 |
| No | 57 | 32. 8 | Ref | 1 | 1 |
| If YES (above), what is their opinion your choice of contraceptive? | |||||
| Encouraging | 98 | 56.3 | 0. 015* | 7. 249 | 1. 476-35. 615 |
| Discouraging | 46 | 26.4 | Ref | 1 | 1 |
Regarding choice of the contraceptives, the study findings show that; majority 89((51.1%) [Pvalue <0.001, OR 19. 783] opted to a given contraceptive method during their last sexual contact prior to this study. When explored, majority had opted for a condom (28.2%) and a significant choice was oral pills [(13.8%), Pvalue 0.024), OR 10. 724] and implanon (4.6%), whereas others opted for safe days/withdrawal (16.7%) and injectable contraceptive method (8.6%). The partner’s influence on the choice of contraceptive methods was significant in this study and 83[(47.7%), pvale0.029, OR 2.168] were influence. Since, the partner’s opinions were majorly and significantly encouraging 98[(47.7%), pvale0.015, OR 7.249]. Majority of the Participants reported 61(35.1%) condom to be the to be the most effective condom they know. These were followed by those who know implanon and oral pills to be the most effective with 14.9% and 14.4% respectively. Lastly safe days/withdrawal and injectable contraceptives were reported to be the least effective known to this study participant with 19(10.9%) each.
Figure 2: Reasons for Preferences of specific Family Planning Services use in Community
According to this study findings, participants made choice of their preferred contraceptive method of choice owing to the majority report that they are available and accessible 38(21.8%) for each of these reasons; followed by being Safe with less side effects16.1%); easy to use(6.3%) as well as being affordable(5.2%) among other reasons.
Table 3: community factors associated with use of Utilization of family planning Services at Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital in Western Uganda
| Variables | Frequency (N) | Percentage (%) | P-Value | Odds Ratios | 95% C. I |
| There are some side effect with the contraceptive used | |||||
| Yes | 67 | 38.5 | 0.601 | 1.206 | 0. 599-2.43 |
| No | 62 | 35.6 | Ref | 1 | 1 |
| Religion encourage use to Contraceptives | |||||
| Yes | 80 | 46.0 | 0.323 | 1.369 | 0. 734-2.55 |
| No | 86 | 49.4 | Ref | 1 | 1 |
| Household Population (Number of people in the family) | |||||
| 1-5 | 64 | 36.8 | 0.082 | 5.117 | 0. 811-32.28 |
| 6-10 | 37 | 21.3 | 0.723 | 1.401 | 0. 217-9.06 |
| 11-15 | 8 | 4.6 | 0.181 | 5.036 | 0. 470-53.92 |
| 16-20 | 7 | 4.0 | Ref | 1 | 1 |
| Number of children under five years in the family. | |||||
| 1-5 | 79 | 45.4 | 0.950 | 0.958 | 0. 252-3. 638 |
| 6-10 | 20 | 11.5 | Ref | 1 | 1 |
The participants reported these methods of contraceptives to be associated with some unrevealed side effects but this claim was found insignificantly associated with their choice of their proffered method of contraception. Other probable independent factors that could affect the choice of contraceptives such as household population or number of people in a family (Majority 36.8% between 1-5 people) and number of children under the age five in the family (45.4% 1-5 children); were both found statistically insignificantly associated with choice of contraceptives among our study participants.
According to these study findings, the proportion of people who use contraceptives is 75(44. 9%). This is in congruence with the intervention for family planning reveals a contraceptive prevalence of 43. 1% which was below the national target of 50% by 2020 [15]; but disagrees with [16] who reported prevalence of contraceptives use in Uganda to be 30% and a general global increase in the recent past from 54% in 1990 to 57% in 2012. Thus, it still possibly leaves 4 in 10 sexually active Ugandan women not using any form of contraception, including 3 in 10 who express a desire to delay childbearing [2].
Unlike [17] a study in Gauteng-South Africa in which the most preferred methods as oral contraceptives (38%), and male condoms (25%), in this study, choice of contraceptives stands at; 40. 7%, 17. 3%, 16. 7%, and 12. 7% for condoms, implanon, oral pills and injectable and safe days respectively. And this further agrees with a study in Ethiopia by [18] in which the most popular contraceptive method in use was condoms (44. 4%), followed by emergency contraceptive pill (27. 4%) and regular oral contraceptive pills (21%)
Unlike [19] a study in the Worawora township of the Volta Region of Ghana in which age group 35-40 yrs was slightly over four times more likely to use modern contraceptives compared to the younger aged women thus choice was connected to experience and taste for various contraceptive methods, in this majority 122(76. 7%) were aged 20-30 years, and 31-45 years were the minority 6(3. 8%). However, it could agree with [20] where age was reported to play an important role in determining the use of modern contraceptives.
By religion; majority 54 (31%) were Catholics followed by 48(27. 6%) Protestants, 39(22. 4%) saveds/born again Christians, 14(8%) Adventists among others 10. 9% religions.
Socioeconomically, 84(48. 3%) reside in urban areas whereas the 76(43. 7%) were rural dwellers; earning majorly 58(33. 3%) Less Than 4,000 ug. shs (1 USD); 38(21. 8%) Between 4,000 – 20,000 ug. shs (1 to 5 USD) and 35(20. 1%) earn More Than 20,000 ug. shs (5 USD).
Majority of the participants were 97(55. 7%) single, 68(39. 1%) Married/ cohabiting/ in relationship and 6 (3. 4%) Separated/ divorced at an education level of majority 146(85. 4%) Tertiary, 12 (7%) secondary and 13 (7. 6%) primary level and occupied mainly with 108(71. 5%) studies, 14(9. 3%) employed, 13(8. 6%) business, 9(6%) peasant farmers, and lastly 7(4. 6%) house wives.
According to these study findings, majority of those participants who have partners 116 (73%) discuss about contraceptives with their partners. And the minority (27% do not
Just like in a study in Sub-Saharan Africa, indicated that accessibility to contraceptive use was positively correlating with use and choice of contraceptives [12]. Majority 89((51. 1%) [Pvalue <0. 001, OR 19. 783] opted to a given contraceptive method during their last sexual contact prior to this study. Nonetheless in this study, majority made such choices based on availability and accessibility 38(21. 3%) for each of these reasons; followed by being Safe with less side effects (20. 1%); easy to use (7. 9%) as well as being affordable (6.5%) among other reasons (10. 8%).
More so, majority had opted for a condom (28. 2%) and a significant choice was oral pills [(13. 8%), Pvalue 0. 024), OR 10. 724] and implanon (4. 6%), whereas others opted for safe days/withdrawal (16. 7%) and injectable contraceptive method (8. 6%) in their last sexual intercourse. This could be possibly due to the fact that condoms and other emergency contraceptive choices are always available, easily accessed and affordable as [21]; indicated that of-out-of-pocket-payments made the private health sector inaccessible to a large part of the population due to insufficient supply and deficient quality. However, condoms being the best choice contradict the findings of [22]; that stipulated women’s contraceptive choices were influenced by non-daily administration & convenience.
In addition to the above, majority 61(35. 1%) reported condom to be the most effective they know compared to safe days/withdrawal and injectables which were reported to be the least effective known to this study participant with 19(10. 9%) each. This could explain the observed choices reported. And these findings complement [23] a descriptive analytical survey in Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, that identified militating factors against the utilization of certain contraceptive methods as non-effectiveness of family planning services (54. 3%).
Nevertheless, participants reported these methods of contraceptives to be associated with some unrevealed side effects but this claim was found insignificantly associated with their choice of their proffered method of contraception. This was in agreement with [24]; a study in Kericho District, Western Kenya, in which perceptions about side effects play important roles in contraceptive decisions. This could be possibly de due to associated anxiety as reported by [23] that in Nigeria majorly (80. 2%) of the women fear side effects.
All the same, other probable independent factors that could affect the choice of contraceptives such as household population or number of people in a family (Majority 36. 8% between 1-5 people) and number of children under the age five in the family (45. 4% 1-5 children); were both found statistically insignificantly associated with choice of contraceptives among our study participants. The partner’s influence on the choice of contraceptive methods was significant in this study and 83[(47. 7%), p-value 0. 029, OR 2. 168] were influence. Since, the partner’s opinions were majorly and significantly encouraging 98[(47. 7%), pvale0. 015, OR 7. 249]., this could be one of the reasons for high preference of male condoms as a contraceptive of choice to many.
The prevalence of contraceptives uses among women of reproductive age attending FPRRH remains low with male condoms being the preferred choice. This is socio-demographically affected by marital status, area of residence, occupation and income levels affecting one’s choice of a given option. Similarly, type and contraceptive’s durations, frequency, availability, accessibility and affordability as well as association of side effects and / or it effectiveness significantly affect the possibility it being a woman’s choice.
- (2016). Family planning”. Health topics. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- (2017). Uganda Demographic and health survey 2016: Key indicator Report. Kampala, Uganda: UBOS, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: UBOS and ICF. P 15.
- Borda, M., W. Winfrey, and McKaig, C. (2010). Return to Sexual Activity and Modern Family Planning Use in the Extended Postpartum Period: An Analysis of Findings from Seventeen Countries.” African Journal of Reproductive Health 14(4): 75-82
- Cooper, C., Fields, R., Taylor, N., Szarewski, A., Moeller, C., Jensen, J., Bitzer, J., Serrani, M., Larson, H. and Cooper, L. (2013). Final assessment report: integration of expanded program on immunization and family planning in Liberia. Dovepress, 4(9790):29–37.
- Ouma, S., Turyasima, M., Acca, H., Nabbale, F., Obita, K. O., Rama, M. and Awor, S. (2015). Obstacles to family planning use among rural women in Atiak health center IV, Amuru District, northern Uganda. East African medical journal, 92(8), 394-400.
- World Health Organization (2014) World Health Statistics 2014.
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112738/1/9789240692671_eng.pdf - Moore, Z., Pfitzer, A., Gubin, R., Charurat, E., Elliott, L. and Croft, T. (2015). Missed opportunities for family planning: an analysis of pregnancy risk and contraceptive method use among postpartum women in 21 low- and middle-income countries. Contraception, 92(1):31-9. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.03.007.
- Agadjanian, V. and Hayford, S. R. (2018). HIV status, fertility intentions, and contraception in the era of expanded access to antiretroviral therapy: A case study of rural Mozambique. Glob Public Health, 13(5):582-596. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2016.1268188.
- Ochako R, et al., (2016). Contraceptive method choice among women in slum and non-slum communities in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of BMC women’s health, 10. 1186/s12905- 016- 0314-6. P. 4
- USAID (2018). Zambia Demographic and Health Survey. USAID, 53, 1689-1699.
- Ministry of Health (2018) Annual Health Sector Performance Report 2017/18. Ministry of Health, Kampala.
- Merhawi, G., Merhawi, G., Gazahagn, T., Agele, B. and Demeke, D. (2015). Factors influencing modern contraceptive method preference among women of reproductive age in central zone of Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia.
- Ugwu, C. N. and Eze, V. H. U. (2023). Qualitative Research. IDOSR Journal of Computer and Applied Sciences, 8(1) 20-35. https://www.idosr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/IDOSR-JCAS-8120-35-2023.docx.pdf
- Ugwu, C. N., Eze, V. H. U., Ugwu, J. N., Ogenyi, F. C. and Ugwu, O. P. C. (2023). Ethical Publication Issues in the Collection and Analysis of Research Data. Newport International Journal of Scientific and Experimental Sciences (NIJSES), 3(2): 132-140. https://nijournals.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/NIJSES-32-132-140-2023.pdf
- (2016). Uganda Health and Health Survey. Kampala: Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS).
- Andi, J. R., Wamala, R., Ocaya, B. and Kabagenyi, A. (2014). Modern contraceptive use among women in Uganda: An analysis of trend and patterns (1995-2011). Etude de la population africaine= African population studies, 28(2), 1009. doi:10.11564/28-0-553.
- Coetzee, et al., (2011). Assessing the use of contraceptives by female undergraduate students in a selected higher educational institution in Gauteng Research objective, 1–7.
- Students, F. and Soressa, M., (2016). Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors among Dilla University, 20(4), 11–21.
- Manortey, S., Lotsu, P. and Tetteh, J. (2017). Factors Affecting Contraceptive Use among Reproductive Aged Women: A Case Study in Worawora Township, Ghana. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports. 13. 1-9. 10.9734/JSRR/2017/29755.
- Matthews, Z., Channon, A., Neal, S., Osrin, D., Madise, N. and Stones, W. (2010). Examining the “Urban Advantage” in Maternal Health Care in Developing Countries. PLoS Medicine, 7, e1000327.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000327 - Celik, L. D et al., (2016). Access to contraceptives in Uganda: Approachability, acceptability and users’ abilities, 60(August).
- Eagarter, H., Egarter, C., Frey, B., Bitzer, J., Vyacheslav, K., Yeshaya, A., Maya, M. and Weyers, S. (2013). Women’s perceptions and reasons for choosing the pill, patch, or ring in the choice study: A cross-sectional survey of contraceptive method selection after counseling. Journal of BMC.
- Agunbiade, F. B. (2017). Factors Affecting the Utilization of Family Planning among women Attending Selected Health Centers in Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Texila International Journal of Nursing Volume 3, Issue 2.
- Kennedy, I. et al. (2010). Factors Influencing Contraceptive Choice and Discontinuation among HIV-Positive Women in Kericho, Kenya. African Journal of Reproductive Health December, 14(4):1 03.
CITE AS: Emmanuel Kirule Ssegawa (2023). Determinants Impacting the Use of Family Planning Services in Fort Portal Regional Referral Hospital, Kabarole District, Western Uganda. IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 10(3):9-18. https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2023/1.2.1000